This study aimed to develop a protocol for producing avocado planting materials by refining surface sterilization for shoots of the Pollock avocado (Persea americana Mill.) variety and enhancing in vitro shoot multiplication and root induction. For surface sterilization, shoots were dipped in a Thiophanate Methyl fungicide solution for 24 hours, washed with running tap water for 60 minutes, and brushed three times with liquid Vim detergent. They were then treated with neem oil and Tween 20, followed by immersion in 0.06% Thiophanate Methyl fungicide for one hour, 70% Ethanol for one minute, and then immersed in 600 g L-1 ascorbic acid for three minutes. Finally, washed with 10% H2O2 for three minutes. The sterilized shoots were subjected to twelve different treatments with varying concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% (w/v) AgNO3 for 15 minutes, followed by 5% and 10% (v/v) NaOCl in 5, 10, and 15 minutes of exposure in hormone-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. A survival rate of 90% was recorded with 0.2% AgNO3 + 10% NaOCl in 10 minutes after three weeks. Shoot multiplication was conducted with six concentrations of 6-Benzyl Aminopurine (BAP), 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg/L, combined with 0.1 mg/L of Naphthalene Acetic Acid. In addition, root induction was conducted with six concentrations of indole-3-Butyric acid (IBA), 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg/L, supplemented with 0.1 mg/L of Naphthalene Acetic Acid. The significantly highest mean number of shoots (1.98), average shoot length (2.1 cm), and shooting percentage (70) were observed in MS medium with 1.5 mg/L BAP. The highest mean number of roots (2.3), average root length (70.6), and rooting percentage (60) were observed in MS medium with 2.0 mg/L IBA. In conclusion, the Pollock variety achieved the highest survival rate (87%) with 0.2% AgNO3 and 10% NaOCl for 10 minutes. The best shooting and rooting were observed in MS medium with 1.5 mg/L BAP and 2.0 mg/L IBA, respectively.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and etiology of mastitis and its impact on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. A total of 112 dairy cows were monitored 10 days after calving, all with a history of increased somatic cell counts and a positive result in the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Clinical examination of the mammary gland was performed, followed by CMT testing and microbiological analysis of milk samples. Positive findings were recorded in 50 cows (43%), of which 25 showed subclinical mastitis and 25 exhibited the clinical form of the disease. Microbiological analysis revealed that the most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (S. xylosus and S. chromogenes), Aerococcus viridans, and Escherichia coli. When compared with the reference values for reproductive parameters, dairy cows with clinical mastitis showed impaired reproductive performance, indicating a negative impact of mastitis on fertility and overall reproductive efficiency.

This case report describes a coumarin anticoagulant intoxication in a Dachshund presented with lethargy, tachypnea, vomiting, and ascites. The diagnosis was established based on medical history, clinical signs, imaging findings, and laboratory confirmation of markedly prolonged prothrombin time (PT). Following infusion therapy and administration of vitamin K, the patient showed significant clinical improvement. Coumarin rodenticide poisoning remains a serious concern in veterinary practice, as ingestion can rapidly lead to life-threatening hemorrhagic complications. Prompt diagnosis and immediate therapeutic intervention are therefore essential. Given the limited availability of effective alternatives for rodent control, minimizing animal access to rodenticide baits remains a key preventive measure to reduce the risk of accidental poisoning.

Adequate mineral nutrition is a key factor in ensuring optimal growth, development, and long-term health in dogs. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are among the principal macroelements involved in the formation and remodeling of bone tissue, the regulation of neuromuscular activity, and numerous enzymatic processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different feeding regimes on serum Ca and P concentrations in growing dogs. The experiment included twenty healthy dogs aged 4–12 months, divided into two groups: the first group was fed a commercial super-premium, nutritionally balanced diet, while the second group received a homemade diet without nutritional oversight. Blood samples were analyzed using a Fuji Dri-Chem 4000i biochemical analyzer, and the results were statistically evaluated using an unpaired t-test in GraphPad Prism 5. The findings revealed significantly higher serum Ca (p<0.0001) and P (p<0.0001) concentrations in dogs fed the homemade diet. Such deviations may predispose puppies, whose hormonal regulation of calcium is not yet fully developed, to metabolic and orthopedic disorders. This study underscores the necessity of ensuring an optimal Ca:P content and ratio in canine diets, particularly in young dogs undergoing periods of rapid growth.

The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the concentrations of vomitoxin in feed samples intended for quails using an ELISA-based analytical approach. Vomitoxin was detected in 9 out of 12 samples (75%), with concentrations ranging from 0.320 mg/kg to 2.525 mg/kg and an average value of 1.075 mg/kg. All measured concentrations complied with the relevant regulatory limits established in Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC concerning the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and fumonisins in feed products.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of heat treatment in soy products using the KOH protein solubility method. For the analysis, eight samples of soybean products were collected, specifically raw soybeans (2 samples), soybean extracted meal (2 samples), extruded soy (2 samples), and soybean cakes (2 samples). Evaluation of nutritional contents, the obtained results generally correlated with the recommended values. In both samples of raw soybean (no. 1, no. 2), one sample of extruded soy (no. 2), and one sample of soybean meal (no. 2), we confirmed protein solubility values in KOH that exceeded the recommended limit for sufficiently heat-treated feeds. Animals consuming inadequately processed soybean feed may be at higher risk of intestinal mucosal disorders, impaired growth performance, and reduced protein digestibility.